温度对雌雄葎草花芽分化和色素含量及光合作用影响的性别差异

以雌雄异株攀援草本植物葎草为材料,依据野生资源主要分布地域的平均温度,设置3个温度为变量,通过测定营养生长期和生长积温、叶数量与性状、光合色素含量及生物量分配的变化,分析温度对葎草光合物质基础、光合速率和光合效益的影响,研究雌雄株的营养生长持续期、叶性状、光合参数及生物量分配对温度响应的性别差异。结果表明,温度与性别对营养生长持续期和生长积温均有极显著影响(P<0.01),3个温度下雄株花芽分化均显著早于雌株(P<0.05);花芽分化主要受温度影响,生长积温主要受性别影响,20 ℃利于花芽分化,营养生长期长短与积温大小无关;温度对叶性状有显著影响(P<0.05),受影响顺序为叶片数/株>单叶面积>叶宽>叶长,25 ℃时叶片数/株和单叶面积最大;光合色素含量无性别差异(P>0.05),温度显著影响除叶绿素b外的其他色素含量(P<0.05),顺序为类胡萝卜素>叶绿素a+b>叶绿素a/b>叶绿素a>叶绿素b,20 ℃时光合色素含量显著低于其他温度。性别对P_n、G_s和T_r有显著影响(P<0.05),温度对光合参数有显著影响(P<0.05),影响顺序为P_n>C_i>T_r>G_s,P_n、C_i和T_r主要受温度影响,G_s主要受性别影响;雌株生物量及根分配显著大于雄株(P<0.05),温度对生物量累积及分配有极显著影响(P<0.01),随温度下降单株生物量显著下降(P<0.05),温度对生物量分配影响顺序为根>叶>茎,25 ℃时优先向根和茎分配,20 ℃时显著降低了茎分配,15 ℃时显著优先向叶分配。     

Genetic relationships in cultivars of hop, Humulus lupulus L., determined by RAPD analysis

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to evaluate the genetic variability and relationship of 65 hop cultivars from all the major hop-growing regions in the world. Twenty-eight selected random primers used in the RAPD reaction generated an average of 38.6%) polymorphic fragments, which was sufficient to produce 47 different RAPD profiles among the cultivars examined. The level of genetic variability was much higher than previously reported. Genetic similarity was estimated and UPGMA cluster analysis was performed using the RAPD data. Cluster analysis separated the cultivars into genetically related RAPD groups which were compared with pedigree data and grouping of the hop cultivars by essential oil type. The RAPD groups, strongly supported by pedigree data, gave more precise information on the level and distribution of genetic variability within hop cultivars than characterization by essential oils. Cultivars were divided into American and European groups, supporting the distinction between two geo-graphically distinct hop germplasms. Five genetically distinct groups revealed differences within the European germplasm, reflecting past hop breeding practices which have been adopted in different regions. The use of RAPD markers for hop germplasm characterization and genetic diversity study is discussed.     

从葎草中检出复合侵染的多种病毒

采用抗原直接包被酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）对采自重庆近郊的34个葎草样品进行了主要病毒种类的检测。其中马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y, PVY)的侵染最普遍,其阳性检出率达44.12%;马铃薯X病毒(Potato virus X, PVX)的阳性检出率最低,仅为26.47%,其余5种病毒,烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV)、番茄花叶病毒(Tomato mosaic virus, ToMV)、芜菁花叶病毒(Turnip mosaic virus, TuMV)及蚕豆萎蔫病毒2号(Broad bean wilt virus 2, BBWV-2)的阳性检出率均为35.29%。葎草样品受多种病毒的复合侵染现象非常严重,15个阳性样品中病毒复合侵染率为80%,其中75%的样品检测到7种病毒复合侵染。     

Genic SSRs for European and North American hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

Eight genic SSR loci were evaluated for genetic diversity assessment and genotype identification in Humulus lupulus L. from Europe and North America. Genetic diversity, as measured by three diversity indices, was significantly lower in European cultivars than in North American wild accessions. Neighbor Joining cluster analysis separated the hop genotypes into European and North American groups. These eight SSRs were useful in uniquely identifying each accession with the exception of two sets of European landraces and a pair of Japanese cultivars, ‘Shinshuwase’ and ‘Kirin II’. An accession from Manitoba grouped with the European (EU) cluster reflecting the group’s genetic similarity to older Manitoba germplasm used to develop ‘Brewer's Gold’ and the gene pool arising from this cultivar. Cultivars grouped closely with one of their immediate parents. ‘Perle’ grouped with its parent ‘Northern Brewer and ‘Willamette’ grouped with its parent ‘Fuggle H’. Wild American accessions were divided into two subgroups: a North Central group containing mostly H. lupulus var. lupuloides and a Southwestern group containing H. lupulus var. neomexicanus accessions. These eight SSRs will be valuable for genotype identification in European and wild American germplasm and may potentially prove useful for marker-assisted selection in hop. PCR products from four previously reported primer pairs that amplify the same intronic SSR regions as do the genic SSRs in this study were compared in eight common cultivars. Different primer pairs generated robust markers at the chs2 and chi loci. However, only the HLC-004B and HLC-006 primer pairs amplified successfully at the chs3 and chs4 loci. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

葎草挥发油化学成分分析及其抑菌作用研究

采用常压水蒸气蒸馏法从葎草全草中提取挥发油,通过气相色谱-质谱法对其化学成分进行分析鉴定,用峰面积归一化法测定其相对含量。结果从葎草中共分离出128个组分,并鉴定了其中的43个,鉴定的成分含量占挥发油总量的68.77%。葎草挥发油的主要成分是二丁基羟基甲苯（11.60%）、十六酸甲酯（5.13%）、十七烷（4.80%）、棕榈酸（4.43%）等,其多种活性成分有一定的抑菌作用。     

葎草醇提物对小鼠分泌性腹泻作用的影响

为了探讨葎草醇提物对小鼠分泌性腹泻的治疗作用,本试验采用番泻叶灌胃法制作小鼠腹泻模型,通过观察小鼠精神变化、体重变化、DAI评分、结肠肠壁厚度及小肠病理切片变化的情况,评价葎草醇提物对小鼠的抗腹泻作用。结果显示,与模型组相比,葎草醇提物对治疗组小鼠精神恢复、体重及小肠绒毛恢复等均有明显的作用;治疗组相对模型组体重有上升趋势,但仍不能完全恢复至正常水平;治疗组与模型组相比DAI评分明显降低,且与空白组相比DAI评分差异不显著(P>0.05);治疗组肠壁厚度较模型组差异显著(P<0.05),治疗效果显著。病理组织学观察,空白组小鼠小肠绒毛排列整齐,各层次结构清晰,绒毛间质无水肿、无小血管扩张充血,而模型组小鼠小肠绒毛排列紊乱,大部分绒毛脱落,绒毛表面有炎性渗出,绒毛间质水肿,小血管扩张、充盈。治疗组与模型组相比症状明显改变,小肠绒毛排列整齐,绒毛表面炎性渗出大部分消失,绒毛间质无明显水肿、无小血管扩张、充血,小肠结构与正常组织大致相同,治疗效果明显。研究结果表明葎草醇提物对小鼠腹泻有明显的治疗效果,可为分泌性腹泻的治疗提供理论依据。     

紫金龙总提取物对吗啡依赖小鼠戒断症状的影响

[目的]观察紫金龙总提取物对吗啡依赖小鼠戒断症状的影响。[方法]以连续递增剂量方式皮下注射盐酸吗啡建立吗啡依赖小鼠模型,灌胃不同剂量（150、300、600 mg/kg）的紫金龙总提取物40 min后,用纳络酮（4 mg/kg）腹腔注射催瘾。[结果]紫金龙总提物低、中、高剂量组对吗啡依赖小鼠戒断跳跃症状有抑制作用（P〈0.05）;对扭体症状具有显著抑制作用（P〈0.01）;对小鼠体重减少症状具有抑制作用（P〈0.05）,并且中、高剂量组效果显著（P〈0.01）;然而仅低、中剂量组对小鼠抓脸的戒断症状有抑制作用（P〈0.05）,其中中剂量组效果显著（P〈0.01）,而高剂量组与自然戒断组比较无显著性差异。[结论]紫金龙总提取物在一定程度上可缓解吗啡依赖小鼠戒断症状。     

优化超声-微波协同提取葎草总黄酮的工艺研究

采用超声-微波协同辅助乙醇提取葎草中的总黄酮,应用响应曲面法对提取得率的各影响因素进行拟合,从而优化工艺参数。通过单因素试验确定了编码因子及水平,采用响应曲面法对微波功率、超声波功率和超声时间/间隔时间的影响作用进行研究。结果表明,超声-微波协同辅助乙醇提取葎草总黄酮的最佳工艺为:微波功率424.590 W,超声功率624.000 W,超声时间/间隔时间1/0,此时葎草总黄酮的得率达1.899%。     

葎草及黄酮类化合物的研究进展

黄酮类化合物是一类具有广泛开发前景的天然药物,葎草中舍有丰富的黄酮类化合物。介绍了葎草的化学成分、药理活性及黄酮类化合物提取、分离和测定方法的研究进展,为开发利用葎草中黄酮类化合物提供一定的科学借鉴依据。     

葎草多酚提取工艺的研究

本研究以蓓草全草为材料,利用正交试验研究了蓓草多酚的提取工艺参数,对律草多酚不同提取方法最优工艺进行了分析。实验结果表明,最佳提取方法是微波法,其最优工艺是：提取时间30s、料液比1：10、微波功率80W、乙醇浓度30％。